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Abstract: Recently, we published a study demonstrating that a deletion of the gene p21CIP/WAF converts a non-regenerating strain of mouse to one capable of epimorphic regeneration and has provided a unique opportunity to uncover some of the unknowns of this process in mammals. Since p21 is involved intricately in so many cellular processes, it is not clear at this time how deletion of this gene results in such a healing phenotype. This review will discuss our results, how our findings relate to other studies, and speculation as to the role of p21 in regeneration.In 1998, the MRL (Murphy Roths Large) mouse, generated from cross-breeding AKR, C3H, C57BL/6(B6), and LG strains of mice [1], was shown to be able to close ear punches without showing residual signs of injury or scarring [2]. Multiple tissues were perfectly replaced, cartilage re-grew, and hair follicles reappeared. Further-more, this type of perfect multi-tissue healing, known as epimorphic regeneration, occurred with the formation of a blastema-like structure that had been shown to be key to amphibian limb regeneration [3-5]. This phenomenon had earlier been seen in rabbit ear holes [6-8], and furthermore, a blastema-derived structure had also been described during antler re-growth [9]. The amphibian and mammalian ear hole regeneration processes have many features in common, including rapid re-epithelialization of the wound [2], elimination of the basement membrane between the epidermal and dermal tissue layers [10,11], blastema formation, re-growth of cartilage and hair follicles, and scarless healing [2,12,13]. However, the existence of an inbred mouse model allowed this process to be genetically approachable. It was also determined that one of the strains used to generate the MRL mouse, the LG/J mouse, contributed the regeneration phenotype [14].Ear hole closure has lent itself exceedingly well to genetic studies as this is a wound that is easy to access and measure and has proven to be a highly quantitative trai

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Effects of probiotic-containing products on stool frequency and intestinal transit in constipated adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Alvin Ibarra,Arthur C. Ouwehand,Larry E. Miller
- , 2017, DOI: 10.20524/aog.2017.0192

Abstract: Probiotics are commonly recommended for the alleviation of constipation symptoms. The aim of this research was to determine the effects of probiotic-containing products on stool frequency and intestinal transit time (ITT) in constipated adults and to determine the factors that influence the efficacy of these products

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Normative Values for Colonic Transit Time and Patient Assessment of Constipation in Adults With Functional Constipation: Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis
Alvin Ibarra,Arthur C Ouwehand,Larry E Miller
- , 2017, DOI: 10.1177/1179552217729343

Abstract: Availability of normative patient outcome data may assist in designing experiments and estimating sample sizes. The purpose of this review was to determine normative ranges for colonic transit time (CTT), Patient Assessment of Constipation-Symptoms (PAC-SYM), and Patient Assessment of Constipation-Quality of Life (PAC-QOL) in adults diagnosed with functional constipation per Rome III guidelines. Pooled estimates were derived from random-effects meta-analysis. Meta-regression was used to explore sources of heterogeneity among studies. A total of 24 studies (3786 patients) were included in the review. In 10 studies with 1119 patients, pooled CTT was 58？hours (95% confidence interval [CI]: 50-65？hours). Publication bias was not evident (Egger P？=？.51); heterogeneity was high (I2？=？92%, P？<？.001). In meta-regression, geographical location explained 57% of the between-study variance, with CTT significantly longer in studies conducted in Europe (71？hours) compared with Asia (49？hours) or the Americas (44？hours). In 9 studies with 2061 patients, pooled PAC-SYM was 1.70 (95% CI: 1.58-1.83). Publication bias was not evident (Egger P？=？.44). Heterogeneity was high (I2？=？90%, P？<？.001); however, no study or patient factor influenced PAC-SYM in meta-regression. In 12 studies with 1805 patients, pooled PAC-QOL was 1.97 (95% CI: 1.70-2.24). Publication bias was not evident (Egger P？=？.28); heterogeneity was high (I2？=？98%, P？<？.001). In meta-regression, age explained 52% of the between-study variance, with older age associated with lower PAC-QOL scores. Overall, in adults diagnosed with functional constipation per Rome III criteria, significant heterogeneity in CTT, PAC-SYM, and PAC-QOL exists among studies. Variability among studies may be explained by geography and patient factors

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Yukio Mishima, the Unambiguous, and Myself: Living through a Writer’s Legacy* [PDF]
Larry Johnson
Advances in Literary Study (ALS) , 2013, DOI: 10.4236/als.2013.14012

Abstract:

The recent release by Criterion on DVD of Paul Schrader’s film Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters(1985) and Mishima’s own film Patriotism(1965) has caused the author of this essay to reconsider his relationship with the late Japanese writers’ books and literary legacy. Believing that these fine films’ presence on DVD will stimulate much renewed discussion of Mishima both in the US and Japan, the author recalls his first discovery of Mishima’s existence shortly after his famous suicide in 1970, reading and responding to his literary output, and prodding famous authors such as Tennessee Williams and Cormac McCarthy for their thoughts on Mishima’s influence. The author’s two poems about Mishima are included to illustrate his changing inner perceptions of the internationally famous writer and the (now-fading) adverse reaction to his work in Japan caused by his politics and his virtually public suicide.

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The Most Persuasive Frankfurt Example, and What It Shows: Or Why Determinism Is Not the Greatest Threat to Moral Responsibility [PDF]
Larry Alexander
Open Journal of Philosophy (OJPP) , 2014, DOI: 10.4236/ojpp.2014.42019

Abstract:

In this paper I argue that even if the Principle of Alternative Possibilities (PAP) is satisfied, moral responsibility is more seriously threatened if the Principle of Alternative Possible Reasons (PAPR) is not satisfied. Nor, I argue, is it clear how it could be satisfied. Finally, I suggest that not only moral responsibility, but also normativity itself, is threatened by the failure to satisfy PAPR.

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The Misconceived Search for the Meaning of “Speech” in Freedom of Speech [PDF]
Larry Alexander
Open Journal of Philosophy (OJPP) , 2015, DOI: 10.4236/ojpp.2015.51005

Abstract: In this (very) short essay, I establish these points: All speech is symbolic; any conduct can be used to communicate a message (i.e., symbolically); government’s purpose in regulating, and not a speaker’s intention to communicate, defines the realm of freedom of expression; and determining the value of speech has a denominator problem.

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Capitalist Reform, the Dismantling of the Iron Rice Bowl and Land Expropriation in China: A Theory of Primitive Accumulation and State Power [PDF]
Larry Liu
Sociology Mind (SM) , 2015, DOI: 10.4236/sm.2015.51006

Abstract: Chinese economic reforms since 1980 were accompanied by the systematic privatization and devolution of state-owned enterprises, the removal of the social welfare system in the form of the “iron rice bowl”, and the land expropriation of farmers. This paper uses Marx’ theory of primitive accumulation and Weber's theory of state power to argue that these socio-economic measures are needed in order to create a class of wage laborers, who are needed to fuel capitalist development in contemporary China. The central, provincial, and local states in China are playing a crucial role in enforcing the privatization of state-owned enterprises, the removal of the social welfare system and land expropriation.

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Mudan？a científica: modelos filosóficos e pesquisa histórica
Laudan, Larry;Donovan, Arthur;Laudan, Rachel;Barker, Peter;Brown, Harold;Leplin, Jarrett;Thagard, Paul;Wykstra, Steve;
Estudos Avan？ados , 1993, DOI: 10.1590/S0103-40141993000300002

Abstract: the authors call for a more thorough testing of the empirical claims of recent theories of scientific change. to facilitate this the empirical claims of kuhn, feyerabend, lakatos and laudan are listed in nontechnical language, both by author and by topic. a bibliography of case studies is included.

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Schur Positivity and the $q$-Log-convexity of the Narayana Polynomials
William Y. C. Chen,Larry X. W. Wang,Arthur L. B. Yang
Mathematics , 2008,

Abstract: Using Schur positivity and the principal specialization of Schur functions, we provide a proof of a recent conjecture of Liu and Wang on the $q$-log-convexity of the Narayana polynomials, and a proof of the second conjecture that the Narayana transformation preserves the log-convexity. Based on a formula of Br\"and$\mathrm{\acute{e}}$n which expresses the $q$-Narayana numbers as the specializations of Schur functions, we derive several symmetric function identities using the Littlewood-Richardson rule for the product of Schur functions, and obtain the strong $q$-log-convexity of the Narayana polynomials and the strong $q$-log-concavity of the $q$-Narayana numbers.

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